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Melhoria do dimensionamento da tabela

tag-icon • tag-icon tables formatting vertical-alignment
Melhoria do dimensionamento da tabela

Atualmente tenho a seguinte tabela, incluindo outras tabelas, imagens e algum texto:

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\usepackage[a4paper, top = 0.8cm, left = 1cm, right = 1cm, bottom = 0.8cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{verbatimbox}

\newcommand{\specialcell}[2][c]{%
    \begin{tabular}[#1]{@{}l@{}}#2\end{tabular}}
\newcommand{\specialcelltwo}[2][c]{%
    \begin{tabular}[#1]{@{}c@{}}#2\end{tabular}}

\begin{document}
    \centering\underline{\bfseries{Vergleichsspannungen}}
    \addvbuffer[0.3cm 0.2cm]
    {\begin{tabular}{ccc}
            \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
                \hline
                Hypothese & Allgemeine Richtung & Hauptspannungsrichtung\\\hline
                NH & $\frac{1}{2}(\left|\sigma_x\right| + \sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2})$ & $\left|\sigma_1\right|$\\\hline
                SH & $\sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}$ & $\left|\sigma_1\right|$\\\hline
                GEH & $\sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + 3\tau_{xy}^2}$  & $\left|\sigma_1\right|$ \\\hline
            \end{tabular}&
            %some image \raisebox{-.5\height}{\includegraphics[scale=0.23]{einachsig.png}}
            &
            \specialcelltwo{Einachsiger ebener\\ Spannungszustand\\(Spröde)}\\
    \end{tabular}}
    \vspace*{0.3cm}
    \begin{tabular}{ccc}
        \hspace*{0.28cm}\scalebox{0.645}{%
            \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
                \hline
                Hypothese & Allgemeine Richtung & Hauptspannungsrichtung\\\hline
                NH &$\frac{(\sigma_x + \sigma_y) + \sqrt{(\sigma_x - \sigma_y)^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}}{2}$ & $\text{max}(\left|\sigma_1\right|,\left|\sigma_2\right|)$\\\hline
                SH & \specialcelltwo{$\sqrt{(\sigma_x - \sigma_y)^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}$ (für $\sigma_x\sigma_y \le \tau_{xy}^2$)\\$\frac{(\sigma_x + \sigma_y) + \sqrt{(\sigma_x - \sigma_y)^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}}{2}$ (für $\sigma_x\sigma_y > \tau_{xy}^2$)} & \specialcelltwo{$\text{max} \{\left|\sigma_1\right|, \left|\sigma_2\right|\}$ (gleiche Vorzeichen)\\$(\left|\sigma_1\right| -  \left|\sigma_2\right|)$ (unterschiedliche Vorzeichen)}\\\hline
                GEH & $\sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + \sigma_y^2 -\sigma_x\sigma_y + 3\tau_{xy}^2}$ & $\sqrt{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2 - \sigma_1\sigma_2}$ \\\hline
        \end{tabular}}&
        %some image \hspace{0.2cm}\raisebox{-.5\height}{\includegraphics[scale=0.175]{zweiachsig.png}}
        &
        \specialcelltwo{Zweiachsiger ebener\\ Spannungszustand\\(Duktil)}\\
    \end{tabular}
    \addvbuffer[-0.1cm 0.2cm]{\begin{tabular}{ccc}
            \scalebox{0.577}{%
                \hspace*{1.2cm}
                \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}
                    \hline
                    Hypothese & Allgemeine Richtung & Hauptspannungsrichtung\\\hline
                    NH &  & $\text{max}\{\left|\sigma_1\right|,\left|\sigma_2\right|, \left|\sigma_3\right|\}$ \\\hline
                    SH &  & $\text{max}\{\left|\sigma_1 - \sigma_2\right|,\left|\sigma_2 - \sigma_3\right|, \left|\sigma_3 - \sigma_1\right|\}$  \\\hline
                    GEH & $\sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + \sigma_y^2 + \sigma_z^2 - \sigma_x\sigma_y - \sigma_x\sigma_z - \sigma_y\sigma_z + 3(\tau_{xy}^2 + \tau_{xz}^2 + \tau_{yz}^2)}$ & $\sqrt{\frac{(\sigma_1-\sigma_2)^2 + (\sigma_2 - \sigma_3)^2 + (\sigma_3 - \sigma_1)^2}{2}}$   \\\hline
            \end{tabular}}&
            %some image \hspace{0.2cm}\raisebox{-.45\height}{\includegraphics[scale=0.17]{dreiachsig.png}}
            &
            \specialcelltwo{Dreiachsiger räumlicher\\ Spannungszustand\\(Duktil)}
            \vspace*{0.2cm}
    \end{tabular}}
\end{document}

Com as imagens fica assim:insira a descrição da imagem aqui

Não estou feliz com a maneira como dimensionei as tabelas, pois era muito meticuloso e as tabelas reduzidas pareciam granuladas. Além disso, as equações dentro das tabelas não cabem na altura da célula e não consigo encontrar uma maneira de corrigir esse problema.

Existem maneiras melhores de gerar tabelas com larguras e alturas fixas que se ajustem ao tamanho do conteúdo das células?

Desculpe pelo código horrível, mas essa foi a única maneira de obter o resultado que queria. Agradeço qualquer sugestão.

Obrigado!

Responder1

Evite dimensionar tabelas, pois isso ainda traz alguns avisos sobre excesso de volume, mas está mais próximo do ajuste. Também removi espúrios \left\rightque adicionam espaço horizontal extra que você não pode pagar aqui e usei \maxem vez de \text{max}para obter espaçamento entre operadores.

insira a descrição da imagem aqui

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

\usepackage[a4paper, top = 0.8cm, left = 1cm, right = 1cm, bottom = 0.8cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{verbatimbox}

\newcommand{\specialcell}[2][c]{\renewcommand\arraystretch{1}%
    \begin{tabular}[#1]{@{}l@{}}#2\end{tabular}}
\newcommand{\specialcelltwo}[2][c]{\renewcommand\arraystretch{1}\scriptsize
    \begin{tabular}[#1]{@{}c@{}}#2\end{tabular}}

\usepackage{array}

\begin{document}
    \centering
\footnotesize \renewcommand\arraystretch{2}\setlength\extrarowheight{2pt}
\underline{\bfseries Vergleichsspannungen }
\medskip

    \begin{tabular}{@{}ccc@{}}
            \begin{tabular}{@{}|c|p{5.6cm}|p{5.7cm}|@{}}
                \hline
                Hypothese & Allgemeine Richtung & Hauptspannungsrichtung\\\hline
                NH & $\frac{1}{2}(\lvert\sigma_x\rvert + \sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2})$ & $\lvert\sigma_1\rvert$\\\hline
                SH & $\sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}$ & $\lvert\sigma_1\rvert$\\\hline
                GEH & $\sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + 3\tau_{xy}^2}$  & $\lvert\sigma_1\rvert$ \\\hline
            \end{tabular}&
            \raisebox{-.5\height}{\includegraphics[width=1cm]{example-image}}
            &
            \specialcelltwo{Einachsiger\\ ebener\\ Spannungszustand\\(Spröde)}\\
    \end{tabular}

    \vspace*{0.3cm}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}ccc@{}}
            \begin{tabular}{@{}|c|p{5.6cm}|p{5.7cm}|@{}}
                \hline
                Hypothese & Allgemeine Richtung & Hauptspannungsrichtung\\\hline
                NH &$\frac{(\sigma_x + \sigma_y) + \sqrt{(\sigma_x - \sigma_y)^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}}{2}$ & $\max(\lvert\sigma_1\rvert,\lvert\sigma_2\rvert)$\\\hline
                SH & \specialcelltwo{$\sqrt{(\sigma_x - \sigma_y)^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}$ (für $\sigma_x\sigma_y \le \tau_{xy}^2$)\\$\frac{(\sigma_x + \sigma_y) + \sqrt{(\sigma_x - \sigma_y)^2 + 4 \tau_{xy}^2}}{2}$ (für $\sigma_x\sigma_y > \tau_{xy}^2$)} &
  $\max \{\lvert\sigma_1\rvert, \lvert\sigma_2\rvert\}$ (gleiche Vorzeichen)

$(\lvert\sigma_1\rvert -  \lvert\sigma_2\rvert)$ (unterschiedliche Vorzeichen)\\\hline
                GEH & $\sqrt{\sigma_x^2 + \sigma_y^2 -\sigma_x\sigma_y + 3\tau_{xy}^2}$ & $\sqrt{\sigma_1^2 + \sigma_2^2 - \sigma_1\sigma_2}$ \\\hline
        \end{tabular}&
                    \raisebox{-.5\height}{\includegraphics[width=1cm]{example-image-a}}
        &
        \specialcelltwo{Zweiachsiger\\ ebener\\ Spannungszustand\\(Duktil)}\\
    \end{tabular}

    \vspace*{0.3cm}
    \begin{tabular}{@{}ccc@{}}
            \begin{tabular}{@{}|c|p{5.6cm}|p{5.7cm}|@{}}
                    \hline
                    Hypothese & Allgemeine Richtung & Hauptspannungsrichtung\\\hline
                    NH &  & $\max\{\lvert\sigma_1\rvert,\lvert\sigma_2\rvert, \lvert\sigma_3\rvert\}$ \\\hline
                    SH &  & $\max\{\lvert\sigma_1 - \sigma_2\rvert,\lvert\sigma_2 - \sigma_3\rvert, \lvert\sigma_3 - \sigma_1\rvert\}$  \\\hline
                    GEH & $\sqrt{
\begin{gathered}\sigma_x^2 + \sigma_y^2 + \sigma_z^2 - \sigma_x\sigma_y- \sigma_x\sigma_z - \sigma_y\sigma_z\\
\quad + 3(\tau_{xy}^2 + \tau_{xz}^2 + \tau_{yz}^2)
\end{gathered}}$ &
 $\sqrt{\frac{(\sigma_1-\sigma_2)^2 + (\sigma_2 - \sigma_3)^2 + (\sigma_3 - \sigma_1)^2}{2}}$   \\\hline
            \end{tabular}&
            \raisebox{-.5\height}{\includegraphics[width=1cm]{example-image-b}}
            &
            \specialcelltwo{Dreiachsiger\\ räumlicher\\ Spannungszustand\\(Duktil)}
            \vspace*{0.2cm}
    \end{tabular}

\noindent X\dotfill X
\end{document}

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