tikz-3dplot: cones colocados em ângulo em uma esfera

Question

Eu me perguntei: existe uma maneira simples de transformar a solução?pequenos círculos de uma esfera"de @John Kormylo (código abaixo) em cones, colocado na esfera pelos dois ângulos teta e phi?

Dica: vi algumas soluções de cone aqui; mas acho que eles não foram complicados quando colocados pelos dois ângulos esféricos teta e phi.

Dica: quero fazer esse desenho (com 8 cones):

Provavelmente um cone seria suficiente, para que eu possa fazer o resto se necessário.

MWE de @JohnKormylo:

\documentclass[margin=5mm, tikz]{standalone}
\usepackage{mathtools}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows,calc,backgrounds}
\begin{document}

\pgfmathsetmacro{\R}{3} %  
\pgfmathsetmacro{\a}{1.5} %  

\pgfmathsetmacro{\r}{sqrt(\R*\R-\a*\a} %  
%\pgfmathsetmacro{\Alpha}{atan(\r/\a)}   
\pgfmathsetmacro{\Alpha}{acos(\a/\R)} %  

\pgfkeys{/tikz/savevalue/.code 2 args={\global\edef#1{#2}}}

\tdplotsetmaincoords{60}{110}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
tdplot_main_coords,
>=latex, font=\footnotesize,
]

\coordinate[label=$Z$] (Z) at (0,0,0); 


\pgfmathsetmacro{\Teta}{90} %  measured to the z-axis
\pgfmathsetmacro{\Phi}{50} %   measured to the x-axis

\tdplotsetrotatedcoords{50}{90}{0}
\begin{scope}[tdplot_rotated_coords]
  \coordinate[label=$A$] (A) at (0,0,\R); 
  \coordinate[label=$M$] (M) at (0,0,\a); 
  \draw[red, thick] (M) circle[radius=\r];
\end{scope}

\draw[thick] (Z) -- (A);
\draw[red, thick] (Z) -- (M);

% Point P of direction vector p
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xP}{\R*sin(\Teta-\Alpha)*cos(\Phi)} % 
\pgfmathsetmacro{\yP}{\R*sin(\Teta-\Alpha)*sin(\Phi)} % 
\pgfmathsetmacro{\zP}{\R*cos(\Teta-\Alpha)} % 
\coordinate[label=$P$] (P) at (\xP,\yP,\zP); 
\draw[thick] (Z) -- (P);
\draw[->] (M) -- (P);

\path let              
\p0 = (M), % Center
\p1 = (P),
\n1 = {veclen(\y1-\y0,\x1-\x0)},    \n2={atan2(\y1-\y0,\x1-\x0)}
in    [savevalue={\Radius}{\n1}, savevalue={\angle}{\n2}];
\pgfmathsetmacro{\RadiusP}{\Radius/28.4528} % wipe of 'pt' 

% Point Q of direction vector q
\pgfmathsetmacro{\xQ}{\R*sin(\Teta)*cos(\Phi-\Alpha)} % 
\pgfmathsetmacro{\yQ}{\R*sin(\Teta)*sin(\Phi-\Alpha)} % 
\pgfmathsetmacro{\zQ}{\R*cos(\Teta)} % 
\coordinate[label=$Q$] (Q) at (\xQ,\yQ,\zQ); 
\draw[thick] (Z) -- (Q);
\draw[->] (M) -- (Q);

\path let              
\p0 = (M), % Center
\p1 = (Q),
\n1 = {veclen(\y1-\y0,\x1-\x0)},    \n2={atan2(\y1-\y0,\x1-\x0)}
in    [savevalue={\Radius}{\n1}, savevalue={\angle}{\n2}];
\pgfmathsetmacro{\RadiusQ}{\Radius/28.4528} % wipe of 'pt' 

%OLD      
% 3D Small Circle
%\foreach \t in {0,...,360}{
%\pgfmathsetmacro{\rp}{cos(\t)*\r/\RadiusP} %  
%\pgfmathsetmacro{\rq}{sin(\t)*\r/\RadiusQ} %  
%\coordinate[label=$$] (X) at ($(M)+\rp*(P)-\rp*(M)+\rq*(Q)-\rq*(M)$); 
%\draw[red] (X) circle (1pt); 
%}

% Sphere
\begin{scope}[tdplot_screen_coords, on background layer]
\fill[ball color= gray!20, opacity = 0.3] (Z) circle (\R); 
\end{scope}


\begin{scope}[-latex, shift={(Z)}, xshift=0*2.1*\R cm, yshift=0*0.1*\R cm]
\foreach \P/\s/\Pos in {(5,0,0)/x/right, (0,5,0)/y/below, (0,0,5)/z/right} 
\draw[] (0,0,0) -- \P node (\s) [\Pos, pos=0.9,inner sep=2pt]{$\s$};

\node[above=1cm, align=left, font=\normalsize] at (z){Equation of a 3D-circle: \\
$\vec{x}  = \vec{m} + r \cos(t) \cdot \vec{p} + r \sin(t) \cdot \vec{q}
~~\text{(with $t = 0\dots 2\pi$)}$
};
\end{scope}

\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document} 

Answer 1

Esta não é uma resposta completa, no sentido de que o seguinte não funciona "pronto para uso" para ângulos de visão arbitrários. As bases dos cones, ou seja, dos círculos, são desenhadas em planos apropriados, onde os respectivos ângulos de rotação são determinados com a macro \RotationAnglesForPlaneWithNormal, o que é explicadoaqui. A parte complicada é descobrir onde os limites do cone se ligam aos círculos. Isto requer determinar interseções e distinguir vários casos ou um cálculo analítico. A boa notícia é que se pode inferir os ângulos das inclinações que os eixos coordenados possuem nos planos locais (que são determinados no escopo com \pgftransformreset), a má notícia é que uma solução totalmente automática requer um esforço considerável (distinguir mais casos) então Acabei de fazer algumas escolhas manualmente. Além disso, a ordem 0,1,2,3funciona aqui "por acidente", se você alterar muito os ângulos de visão, esta não será mais a ordem apropriada. Porém, para esta configuração funciona. A estranha lista \LstNormalscontém apenas os vértices de um tetraedro, e eu os pegueiWikipédia.

\documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot} 
\usetikzlibrary{intersections}
\newcommand{\RotationAnglesForPlaneWithNormal}[5]{%\typeout{N=(#1,#2,#3)}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\itest}{ifthenelse(abs(#3)==1,0,1)}
    \ifnum\itest=0
            \xdef#4{0}   
            \xdef#5{0}
    \else
    \foreach \XS in {1,-1}
    {\foreach \YS in {1,-1}
        {\pgfmathsetmacro{\mybeta}{\XS*acos(#3)} 
            \pgfmathsetmacro{\myalpha}{\YS*acos(#1/sin(\mybeta))} 
            \pgfmathsetmacro{\ntest}{abs(cos(\myalpha)*sin(\mybeta)-#1)%
                +abs(sin(\myalpha)*sin(\mybeta)-#2)+abs(cos(\mybeta)-#3)}
            \ifdim\ntest pt<0.1pt
            \xdef#4{\myalpha}   
            \xdef#5{\mybeta}
            \fi
    }}
    \fi
} 
\begin{document}
\tdplotsetmaincoords{110}{60}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords]
\xdef\LstNormals{{{sqrt(8/9), 0, -1/3},%
{-sqrt(2/9), sqrt(2/3), -1/3},%
{-sqrt(2/9), -sqrt(2/3), -1/3},%
{0, 0, 1}}}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\R}{3} %  
\pgfmathsetmacro{\a}{1.5} %  
\pgfmathsetmacro{\r}{sqrt(\R*\R-\a*\a} %  
 \path (0,0,0) coordinate (O);
 \foreach \myind in {0,1,2,3}
 {\pgfmathsetmacro{\myNx}{\LstNormals[\myind][0]}
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\myNy}{\LstNormals[\myind][1]}
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\myNz}{\LstNormals[\myind][2]}
  \RotationAnglesForPlaneWithNormal{\myNx}{\myNy}{\myNz}{\tmpalpha}{\tmpbeta} 
  \typeout{\myNx,\tmpalpha,\tmpbeta}
  \tdplotsetrotatedcoords{\tmpalpha}{\tmpbeta}{0}
  \begin{scope}[tdplot_rotated_coords,canvas is xy plane at z=\r,local bounding
  box=loc]
   \path[name path=circle] (0,0) circle[radius=\a];
   \path[overlay,name path=test] (0,0) -- (O);
   \path (1,0) coordinate (Xloc) (0,1) coordinate (Yloc) (0,0) coordinate (Oloc);
   \begin{scope}
   \pgftransformreset
   \path let \p1=($(Xloc)-(Oloc)$),\p2=($(Yloc)-(Oloc)$),
   \n1={atan2(\y1,\x1)},\n2={atan2(\y2,\x2)}
   in (Xloc) -- (Oloc) -- (Yloc) (Oloc) node{\myind}
   \pgfextra{\xdef\myxi{\n1}\xdef\myeta{\n2}};
   \end{scope}
   \path[name intersections={of=circle and test,total=\iNum}]
   \pgfextra{\xdef\iNum{\iNum}};
   \ifnum\iNum>0
    \ifnum\myind=1
    \draw[fill=blue] (-\myxi+90:\a) -- (O) -- (-\myeta-90:\a);
    \else
    \draw[fill=blue] (-\myxi+90:\a) -- (O) -- (-\myxi-90:\a);
    \fi
    \draw[fill=blue!30](0,0) circle[radius=\a];
   \else
    \draw[fill=blue](0,0) circle[radius=\a];
   \fi
  \end{scope}
 }
 \path[ball color=gray,opacity=0.2,tdplot_screen_coords] (O) circle[radius=\R];
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Alternativa: Pode-se deixar TikZ encontre numericamente o contorno, vejaaqui.

\documentclass[tikz,border=3.14mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz-3dplot} 
\usetikzlibrary{intersections}
\newcommand{\RotationAnglesForPlaneWithNormal}[5]{%\typeout{N=(#1,#2,#3)}
    \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\itest}{ifthenelse(abs(#3)==1,0,1)}
    \ifnum\itest=0
            \xdef#4{0}   
            \xdef#5{0}
    \else
    \foreach \XS in {1,-1}
    {\foreach \YS in {1,-1}
        {\pgfmathsetmacro{\mybeta}{\XS*acos(#3)} 
            \pgfmathsetmacro{\myalpha}{\YS*acos(#1/sin(\mybeta))} 
            \pgfmathsetmacro{\ntest}{abs(cos(\myalpha)*sin(\mybeta)-#1)%
                +abs(sin(\myalpha)*sin(\mybeta)-#2)+abs(cos(\mybeta)-#3)}
            \ifdim\ntest pt<0.1pt
            \xdef#4{\myalpha}   
            \xdef#5{\mybeta}
            \fi
    }}
    \fi
} 
\begin{document}
\tdplotsetmaincoords{110}{60}
\begin{tikzpicture}[tdplot_main_coords]
\xdef\LstNormals{{{sqrt(8/9), 0, -1/3},%
{-sqrt(2/9), sqrt(2/3), -1/3},%
{-sqrt(2/9), -sqrt(2/3), -1/3},%
{0, 0, 1}}}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\R}{3} %  
\pgfmathsetmacro{\a}{1.5} %  
\pgfmathsetmacro{\r}{sqrt(\R*\R-\a*\a} %  
 \path (0,0,0) coordinate (O);
 \foreach \myind in {0,1,2,3}
 {\pgfmathsetmacro{\myNx}{\LstNormals[\myind][0]}
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\myNy}{\LstNormals[\myind][1]}
  \pgfmathsetmacro{\myNz}{\LstNormals[\myind][2]}
  \RotationAnglesForPlaneWithNormal{\myNx}{\myNy}{\myNz}{\tmpalpha}{\tmpbeta} 
  %\typeout{\myNx,\tmpalpha,\tmpbeta}
  \tdplotsetrotatedcoords{\tmpalpha}{\tmpbeta}{0}
  \begin{scope}[tdplot_rotated_coords,canvas is xy plane at z=\r,local bounding
  box=loc]
   \path[name path=circle] (0,0) circle[radius=\a];
   \path[overlay,name path=test] (0,0) -- (O);
   \path (1,0) coordinate (Xloc) (0,1) coordinate (Yloc) (0,0) coordinate (Oloc);
   \path[name intersections={of=circle and test,total=\iNum}]
   \pgfextra{\xdef\iNum{\iNum}};
   \ifnum\iNum>0
    \begin{scope}
     \pgftransformreset 
     \path let \p1=($(Oloc)-(O)$),\n1={mod(720+atan2(\y1,\x1),360)} in
      \pgfextra{\xdef\oldmax{\n1}\xdef\oldmin{\n1}};
    \end{scope}
    \typeout{\myind,\oldmax}
    \foreach \XX in {0,1,...,359}       
    {\path ($(\XX:\r)-(O)$) coordinate (aux1) ($(\XX:\r)-(Oloc)$) coordinate
    (aux2);
    \pgftransformreset
    \path let \p1=(aux1),%\p2=(aux2),
    \n1={atan2(\y1,\x1)} in
    \pgfextra{\pgfmathtruncatemacro{\itest}{ifthenelse(sin(\n1-\oldmin)<0,0,1)}
     \ifnum\itest=0
     \xdef\oldmin{\n1}
     \xdef\oldanA{\XX}
     \fi
     \pgfmathtruncatemacro{\itest}{ifthenelse(sin(\oldmax-\n1)<0,0,1)}
     \ifnum\itest=0
     \xdef\oldmax{\n1}
     \xdef\oldanB{\XX}
     \fi};
     }
    \draw[fill=blue] (\oldanA:\a) -- (O) -- (\oldanB:\a);
    \draw[fill=blue!30](0,0) circle[radius=\a];
   \else
    %\message{\myind: no intersections}
    \draw[fill=blue](0,0) circle[radius=\a];    
   \fi
  \end{scope}
 }
 \path[ball color=gray,opacity=0.4,tdplot_screen_coords] (O) circle[radius=\R];
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}