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Solução atualizada (versão Forest 2+)

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Solução atualizada (versão Forest 2+)

Aqui está o MWE:

\documentclass[landscape]{article}

\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows}
\begin{document}

\tikzset{
  treenode/.style = {align=center, inner sep=2pt, rounded corners = 2pt, minimum width = 2cm, text centered, font=\sffamily},
  block/.style = {treenode, rectangle, white, font=\sffamily\bfseries, draw=black, fill=black},
  phantom/.style = {}
}

\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 3in/#1, level distance = 1.5cm}] 
  \node [block] {P1}
    child {node [block] {P2}
      child {node [block] {P3}
        child {node [block] {P4}}
        child {node [block] {P5}}
      }
    }
    child {node [block] {P6}
      child {node [phantom] {}
        child {node [block] {P7}}
      }
    }
    child {node [block] {P8}
      child {node [block] {P9}
        child {node [block] {P10}}
      }
    }
  ;
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

Os conectores entre diferentes nós são linhas inclinadas. Como obtenho linhas horizontais e verticais no lugar delas?

Responder1

Outra opção é usar forest. Nesse caso, você pode dispensar o phantomnó e usar apenas tierpara alinhar P7com o P4, P5etc. Também atualizei seu código para usar a sintaxe atual para setas, fornecida pela arrows.metabiblioteca, pois agora é recomendado. Gosto forestporque especificar uma árvore envolve muito menos digitação!

Solução atualizada (versão Forest 2+)

\documentclass[tikz, border=5pt]{standalone}
\usepackage[edges]{forest}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
\begin{document}

\tikzset{
  treenode/.style = {align=center, inner sep=2pt, rounded corners = 2pt, minimum width = 2cm, text centered, font=\sffamily},
  block/.style = {treenode, rectangle, white, font=\sffamily\bfseries, draw=black, fill=black},
}

% Forest version 2.1
\begin{forest}
  for tree={
    block,
    edge+={thick, -{Stealth[]}}
  },
  forked edges
  [P1
    [P2
      [P3
        [P4, tier=terminal]
        [P5]
      ]
    ]
    [P6, calign with current
      [P7, tier=terminal]
    ]
    [P8
      [P9
        [P10]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  ;
\end{forest}
\end{document}

Solução original (versão Forest 1)

\documentclass[tikz, border=5pt]{standalone}
\usepackage{forest}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta}
\begin{document}

\tikzset{
  treenode/.style = {align=center, inner sep=2pt, rounded corners = 2pt, minimum width = 2cm, text centered, font=\sffamily},
  block/.style = {treenode, rectangle, white, font=\sffamily\bfseries, draw=black, fill=black},
}

\begin{forest}
  for tree={
    parent anchor=south,
    child anchor=north,
    block,
    edge path={
      \noexpand\path [-{Stealth[]}, \forestoption{edge}, thick]
        (!u.parent anchor) -- +(0,-5pt) -| (.child anchor)\forestoption{edge label};
    },
  }
  [P1
    [P2
      [P3
        [P4, tier=terminal]
        [P5]
      ]
    ]
    [P6, calign with current
      [P7, tier=terminal]
    ]
    [P8
      [P9
        [P10]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  ;
\end{forest}
\end{document}

Resultado

A saída é basicamente a mesma, independentemente da solução usada.

árvore da floresta

Responder2

Quando você diz horizontal/vertical, você quer dizer isso?

saída

Aqui está o código:

\documentclass[tikz,border=10]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows}
\begin{document}
\tikzset{
  treenode/.style = {align=center, inner sep=2pt, rounded corners = 2pt, minimum width = 2cm, text centered, font=\sffamily},
  block/.style = {treenode, rectangle, white, font=\sffamily\bfseries, draw=black, fill=black},
  phantom/.style = {},
  edge from parent/.style={draw,red,thick},
  edge from parent path={(\tikzparentnode.south)-- ++(0,-3mm) -| (\tikzchildnode.north)}
}

\begin{tikzpicture}[->,>=stealth',level/.style={sibling distance = 3in/#1, level distance = 1.5cm}]
  \node [block] {P1}
    child {node [block] {P2}
      child {node [block] {P3}
        child {node [block] {P4}}
        child {node [block] {P5}}
      }
    }
    child {node [block] {P6}
      child {node [phantom] {}
        child {node [block] {P7}}
      }
    }
    child {node [block] {P8}
      child {node [block] {P9}
        child {node [block] {P10}}
      }
    }
  ;
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

EDITAR:Acabei de descobrir que podemos usar [edge from parent fork down]o estilo da treesbiblioteca para produzir o mesmo efeito.

Responder3

Uma solução PSTricks:

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{pstricks}
\usepackage{xfp}

\psset{
  linecolor = red,
  arrows = ->
}

\def\Label(#1,#2)#3{%
  \psframe[
    framearc = 0.3,
    linecolor = black,
    fillstyle = solid,
    fillcolor = black
  ](\fpeval{#1-0.5*\widthBox},\fpeval{#2-0.5*\heightBox})%
   (\fpeval{#1+0.5*\widthBox},\fpeval{#2+0.5*\heightBox})
  \rput(#1,#2){\textcolor{white}{#3}}}

\begin{document}

% parameters
\def\widthBox{1.4}
\def\heightBox{0.4}
\def\horiDist{4.5}
\def\vertDist{1.6}

% drawing
\begin{pspicture}(\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.75*\widthBox},\fpeval{4*\heightBox+3*\vertDist})
  % left
  \Label(\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2.5*\heightBox+2*\vertDist}){P2}
  \psline(\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2*\heightBox+2*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2*\heightBox+\vertDist})
  \Label(\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{1.5*\heightBox+\vertDist}){P3}
  \psline(\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{\heightBox+\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{\heightBox+0.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{0.5*\widthBox},\fpeval{\heightBox+0.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{0.5*\widthBox},\heightBox)
  \psline(\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{\heightBox+0.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{2*\widthBox},\fpeval{\heightBox+0.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{2*\widthBox},\heightBox)
  \Label(\fpeval{0.5*\widthBox},\fpeval{0.5*\heightBox}){P4}
  \Label(\fpeval{2*\widthBox},\fpeval{0.5*\heightBox}){P5}
  % middle
  \Label(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3.5*\heightBox+3*\vertDist}){P1}
  \psline(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+3*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+2*\vertDist})
  \Label(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2.5*\heightBox+2*\vertDist}){P6}
  \psline(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2*\heightBox+2*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\heightBox)
  \Label(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{0.5*\heightBox}){P7}
  \psline(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{1.5*\heightBox+\vertDist-0.1})%
         (\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\heightBox)
  % right
  \Label(\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2.5*\heightBox+2*\vertDist}){P8}
  \psline(\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2*\heightBox+2*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{2*\heightBox+\vertDist})
  \Label(\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{1.5*\heightBox+\vertDist}){P9}
  \psline(\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{\heightBox+\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\heightBox)
  \Label(\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{0.5*\heightBox}){P10}
  % connection
  \psline(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+2.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+2.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+2*\vertDist})
  \psline(\fpeval{\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+2.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+2.5*\vertDist})%
         (\fpeval{2*\horiDist+1.25*\widthBox},\fpeval{3*\heightBox+2*\vertDist})
\end{pspicture}

\end{document}

saída

Com este código, basta escolher a largura ( \widthBox) e a altura ( \heightBox) das caixas, e as distâncias horizontal ( \horiDist) e vertical ( \vertDist) entre elas. O desenho será automaticamente ajustado de acordo.

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