24小時更新，花了一整天。感謝你的幫助。新硬碟、Ubuntu 安裝然後是 testdisk 以及也許 e2fsck 獲得了對失敗/被阻止的 ext4 分區的幾乎完全訪問權限（該分區在 Gparted 中丟失了其 ext4 格式描述）。我還沒看到 ext4 分割區作業系統現在是否可以啟動。對此感到懷疑。不幸的是，我不確定到底在什麼時候完全恢復了存取權限，testdisk 的第一部分是否有效，或者後面的 e2fsck 是否有效。我放棄了通過 e2fsck 的一些方法......關於 testdisk，一個令人沮喪的是，對於我初學者來說，這是一個終端操作的程序並不明顯，所以我浪費了大量的時間嘗試找到已安裝的程式。希望這一切對某人有幫助。
####################詳細資訊................使用 Ubuntu live CD 和建議的方法沒有任何進展 - 建議的終端任務在存取/修復 ext4 分區方面沒有取得任何進展。一個新的硬碟已經準備好了，我載入了 Ubuntu，然後進一步查看了舊硬碟。它的 NTFS 分割區仍然沒問題，但沒有任何東西可以存取 ext4 分割區。
不過，我隨後嘗試了測試磁碟程序，該程序經歷了各種過程並提出了使用 e2fsck 的某種方法。
然後ext4分區就可以訪問了??????所以 testdisk 讓我到達那裡，我不知道如何，我可以將所有資料複製到新硬碟。我認為我丟失了我的書籤和密碼，因為我找不到它們，但我在其他地方有它們。
網路上有一個問題建議，當分區非常滿時，可能會發生這種情況，但在我的情況下似乎不會。對作業系統等知之甚少，我只是想像檔案「樹」的 ext4 格式/頂部已損壞。該光碟最多只有 2 個壞扇區。我認為多年來透過各種 Ubuntu 版本進行升級引入了一些我忽略的問題，或者硬碟在該磁區出現了故障。
#最初的問題,,,,,,,,我已經在一台筆記型電腦和外部硬碟上使用Ubuntu 幾年了，該硬碟有兩個分區，一個用於備份任務（仍然可以正常工作），另一個用於Ubuntu。突然 Ubuntu 14.04 無法啟動，我從 CD 驅動器上的 Ubuntu 執行此操作。 Gparted 中顯示的 Ubuntu 分割區沒有定義檔案系統或掛載點，並標記為黑色。
我的問題是可能發生了什麼，該分割區中的資料和 Ubuntu 作業系統是否可能仍然存在，或者該分割區是否已被惡意軟體清除（這可能嗎？）？如何進行？我想這不是將其檔案系統重新定義為 ext4 的簡單問題嗎？
我的大部分資料都已備份，儘管我對分區和 Grub 等知識有限，但我還是花了幾個小時查看這個資料。
$ sudo e2fsck -n /dev/sda2
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #320 (0, counted=1361).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #321 (8192, counted=8184).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #322 (8192, counted=4039).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #323 (8192, counted=3958).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #324 (8192, counted=4022).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #325 (8192, counted=4061).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #326 (8192, counted=4172).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #327 (8192, counted=4093).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #328 (8192, counted=4076).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #329 (8192, counted=4048).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #330 (8192, counted=4056).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #331 (8192, counted=4119).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #332 (8192, counted=4001).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #333 (8192, counted=4035).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #334 (8192, counted=4057).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #335 (8192, counted=3895).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #336 (8192, counted=5).
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Directories count wrong for group #336 (0, counted=844).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #337 (8192, counted=6023).
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Directories count wrong for group #337 (0, counted=47).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #352 (8192, counted=2302).
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Directories count wrong for group #352 (0, counted=698).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #368 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #368 (0, counted=1025).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #369 (8192, counted=5634).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #369 (0, counted=334).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #384 (8192, counted=3342).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #384 (0, counted=1358).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #400 (8192, counted=106).
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Directories count wrong for group #400 (0, counted=1142).
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Free inodes count wrong for group #401 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #401 (0, counted=135).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #402 (8192, counted=7820).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #402 (0, counted=82).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #416 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #416 (0, counted=1313).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #417 (8192, counted=6760).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #417 (0, counted=49).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #432 (8192, counted=2182).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #432 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #448 (8192, counted=1575).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #448 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #464 (8192, counted=289).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #464 (0, counted=1318).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #480 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #480 (0, counted=1280).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #481 (8192, counted=4735).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #481 (0, counted=83).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #496 (8192, counted=2610).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #496 (0, counted=1287).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #512 (8192, counted=3470).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #512 (0, counted=1272).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #528 (8192, counted=3466).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #528 (0, counted=1262).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #544 (8192, counted=3333).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #544 (0, counted=1295).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #560 (8192, counted=1314).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #560 (0, counted=1312).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #576 (8192, counted=38).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #576 (0, counted=1211).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #577 (8192, counted=7500).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #577 (0, counted=75).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #592 (8192, counted=2756).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #592 (0, counted=1297).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #608 (8192, counted=397).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #608 (0, counted=1275).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #624 (8192, counted=2240).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #624 (0, counted=1327).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #640 (8192, counted=1989).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #640 (0, counted=1263).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #656 (8192, counted=407).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #656 (0, counted=1330).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #657 (8192, counted=7387).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #672 (8192, counted=3049).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #672 (0, counted=1324).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #688 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #688 (0, counted=952).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #689 (8192, counted=6532).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #689 (0, counted=376).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #704 (8192, counted=3494).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #704 (0, counted=1327).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #720 (8192, counted=3238).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #720 (0, counted=1333).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #736 (8192, counted=3468).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #736 (0, counted=1310).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #737 (8192, counted=5388).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #752 (8192, counted=4234).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #752 (0, counted=1317).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #753 (8192, counted=4523).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #768 (8192, counted=2632).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #768 (0, counted=1311).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #769 (8192, counted=4607).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #784 (8192, counted=3858).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #784 (0, counted=1310).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #800 (8192, counted=3195).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #800 (0, counted=1309).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #816 (8192, counted=94).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #816 (0, counted=1061).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #817 (8192, counted=3151).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #817 (0, counted=248).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #832 (8192, counted=2173).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #832 (0, counted=1309).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #848 (8192, counted=3180).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #848 (0, counted=1310).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #864 (8192, counted=1128).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #864 (0, counted=1138).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #865 (8192, counted=7546).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #880 (8192, counted=2464).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #880 (0, counted=1342).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #896 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #896 (0, counted=1281).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #897 (8192, counted=7746).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #897 (0, counted=69).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #912 (8192, counted=3639).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #912 (0, counted=1313).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #928 (8192, counted=2391).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #928 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #944 (8192, counted=3038).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #944 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #960 (8192, counted=2423).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #960 (0, counted=1087).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #976 (8192, counted=8007).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #976 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #992 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #992 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1008 (8192, counted=8190).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1008 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1024 (8192, counted=8186).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1024 (0, counted=3).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1040 (8192, counted=436).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1040 (0, counted=330).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1041 (8192, counted=7091).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1041 (0, counted=73).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1056 (8192, counted=7786).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1056 (0, counted=3).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1088 (8192, counted=8039).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1088 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1120 (8192, counted=8183).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1120 (0, counted=8).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1136 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1136 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1152 (8192, counted=7849).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1152 (0, counted=5).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1184 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1184 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1344 (8192, counted=8100).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1344 (0, counted=3).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1360 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1360 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1408 (8192, counted=5).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1408 (0, counted=1299).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1409 (8192, counted=7288).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1409 (0, counted=4).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1424 (8192, counted=4415).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1424 (0, counted=680).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1472 (8192, counted=638).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1472 (0, counted=591).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1473 (8192, counted=84).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1473 (0, counted=550).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1474 (8192, counted=5668).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1474 (0, counted=201).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong (12222453, counted=11367656).
Fix? no
/dev/sda2: ********** WARNING: Filesystem still has errors **********
11 inodes used (0.00%, out of 12222464)
722 non-contiguous files (6563.6%)
495 non-contiguous directories (4500.0%)
# of inodes with ind/dind/tind blocks: 2/2/2
Extent depth histogram: 517155/125
815037 blocks used (1.67%, out of 48876800)
0 bad blocks
1 large file
418807 regular files
79999 directories
57 character device files
26 block device files
0 fifos
9 links
80790 symbolic links (62315 fast symbolic links)
5 sockets
------------
579654 files