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使用 TikZ 繪製一個畢達哥拉斯三角形及其邊的正方形和標籤

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使用 TikZ 繪製一個畢達哥拉斯三角形及其邊的正方形和標籤

我已經檢查了舊問題和 TikZ 手冊，我想繪製我的畢達哥拉斯三角形邊的正方形。

到目前為止我已經

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]%,cap=round,>=latex]

\coordinate [label=left:$C$] (A) at (-1.5cm,-1.cm);
\coordinate [label=right:$A$] (C) at (1.5cm,-1.0cm);
\coordinate [label=above:$B$] (B) at (1.5cm,1.0cm);
\draw (A) -- node[above] {$a$} (B) -- node[right] {$c$} (C) -- node[below] {$b$} (A);

\draw (1.25cm,-1.0cm) rectangle (1.5cm,-0.75cm);

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

產生

輸出

答案1

首先，讓我們將三角形的寬度和高度設為常數，以便日後需要時可以更改它們。這些是您使用的值，但是透過加載它們一次並動態計算其他所有內容，可以更輕鬆地稍後更改內容：

\newcommand{\pythagwidth}{3cm}
\newcommand{\pythagheight}{2cm}

接下來，重新標記座標，以便名稱與列印的標籤相匹配，否則我們會感到非常困惑。

\coordinate [label={below right:$A$}] (A) at (0, 0);
\coordinate [label={above right:$B$}] (B) at (0, \pythagheight);
\coordinate [label={below left:$C$}] (C) at (-\pythagwidth, 0);

如果有點冗長的話，兩個矩形（與水平和垂直邊緣相符的矩形）很容易繪製：

\draw [dashed] (A) -- node [below] {$b$} ++ (-\pythagwidth, 0)
                -- node [right] {$b$} ++ (0, -\pythagwidth)
                -- node [above] {$b$} ++ (\pythagwidth, 0)
                -- node [left] {$b$} ++ (0, \pythagwidth);

\draw [dashed] (A) -- node [right] {$c$} ++ (0, \pythagheight)
                -- node [below] {$c$} ++ (\pythagheight, 0)
                -- node [left] {$c$} ++ (0, -\pythagheight)
                -- node [above] {$c$} ++ (-\pythagheight, 0);

這些變化讓我們取得了很大的進展：

在此輸入影像描述

然後我們需要畫出斜邊對應的正方形。計算斜邊本身似乎太多（閱讀：我很累，現在不記得該怎麼做:P）。相反，我們可以使用一些平面幾何：

在此輸入影像描述

我們可以將原來的三角形旋轉90度，然後進行適當的平移，找到正方形的另一邊。我們可以用同樣的方法求 TikZ 中斜邊正方形的兩個額外座標：

\coordinate (D1) at (-\pythagheight, \pythagheight + \pythagwidth);
\coordinate (D2) at (-\pythagheight - \pythagwidth, \pythagwidth);

然後繪製這個正方形很簡單：

\draw [dashed] (C) -- node [above left] {$a$} (B)
                   -- node [below left] {$a$} (D1)
                   -- node [below right] {$a$} (D2)
                   -- node [above right] {$a$} (C);

因此，將所有這些放在一起，我們有：

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\newcommand{\pythagwidth}{3cm}
\newcommand{\pythagheight}{2cm}

\begin{tikzpicture}

  \coordinate [label={below right:$A$}] (A) at (0, 0);
  \coordinate [label={above right:$B$}] (B) at (0, \pythagheight);
  \coordinate [label={below left:$C$}] (C) at (-\pythagwidth, 0);

  \coordinate (D1) at (-\pythagheight, \pythagheight + \pythagwidth);
  \coordinate (D2) at (-\pythagheight - \pythagwidth, \pythagwidth);

  \draw [very thick] (A) -- (C) -- (B) -- (A);

  \newcommand{\ranglesize}{0.3cm}
  \draw (A) -- ++ (0, \ranglesize) -- ++ (-\ranglesize, 0) -- ++ (0, -\ranglesize);

  \draw [dashed] (A) -- node [below] {$b$} ++ (-\pythagwidth, 0)
            -- node [right] {$b$} ++ (0, -\pythagwidth)
            -- node [above] {$b$} ++ (\pythagwidth, 0)
            -- node [left] {$b$} ++ (0, \pythagwidth);

  \draw [dashed] (A) -- node [right] {$c$} ++ (0, \pythagheight)
            -- node [below] {$c$} ++ (\pythagheight, 0)
            -- node [left] {$c$} ++ (0, -\pythagheight)
            -- node [above] {$c$} ++ (-\pythagheight, 0);

  \draw [dashed] (C) -- node [above left] {$a$} (B)
                     -- node [below left] {$a$} (D1)
                     -- node [below right] {$a$} (D2)
                     -- node [above right] {$a$} (C);

\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

產生

在此輸入影像描述

答案2

比原始版本更簡化的版本；這裡的想法只是使用

($ (<name1>) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(<name2>) $)

求連接 和 的線段垂直的<name1>一點；新點 和 之間的距離與和之間的距離相同：<name1><name2><name1><name1><name2>

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
\coordinate [label=left:$A$] (A) at (-1.5cm,-1.cm);
\coordinate [label=below right:$C$] (C) at (1.5cm,-1.0cm);
\coordinate [label=above:$B$] (B) at (1.5cm,1.0cm);

\draw 
  (A) -- 
  node[above] {$c$} (B) -- 
  node[right] {$b$} (C) -- 
  node[below] {$a$} 
  (A);
\draw 
  (1.25cm,-1.0cm) rectangle (1.5cm,-0.75cm);

\coordinate (aux1) at
  ($ (A) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(B) $);
\coordinate (aux2) at
  ($ (aux1) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(A) $);

\coordinate (aux3) at
  ($ (A) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(C) $);
\coordinate (aux4) at
  ($ (aux3) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(A) $);

\coordinate (aux5) at
  ($ (C) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(B) $);
\coordinate (aux6) at
  ($ (aux5) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(C) $);

\draw[ultra thick,green,text=black]
  (A) -- 
  (aux1) node[midway,auto,swap] {$c$} -- 
  (aux2) node[midway,auto,swap] {$c$} -- 
  (B) node[midway,auto,swap] {$c$};
\draw[ultra thick,green,text=black]
  (A) -- 
  (aux3) node[midway,auto] {$a$} -- 
  (aux4) node[midway,auto] {$a$}  -- 
  (C) node[midway,auto] {$a$};
\draw[ultra thick,green,text=black]
  (C) -- 
  (aux5) node[midway,auto] {$b$} -- 
  (aux6) node[midway,auto] {$b$} -- 
  (B) node[midway,auto] {$b$};
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

在此輸入影像描述

這允許在一般情況下定義用於構造正方形的命令（對於任何三個非共線點）：

\PythTr[<options>]{<name1>}{<name2>}{<name3>}{<coord1>}{<coord2>}{<coord3>}

其中<name1>,...,<name3>是頂點的名稱，<coor1>,...,<coor3>是三個頂點的座標；可選參數可用於傳遞選項來控制如何繪製正方形。例如，下圖是透過以下命令得到的

\begin{tikzpicture}
\PythTr{A}{B}{C}{(-1.5cm,-1.cm)}{(1.5cm,-1.0cm)}{(1.5cm,1.0cm)}
\end{tikzpicture}\par\bigskip

\begin{tikzpicture}
\PythTr[Maroon,dashed]{L}{M}{N}{(2,-2)}{(4,2)}{(0,2)}
\end{tikzpicture}

代碼：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

\newcommand\PythTr[7][ultra thick,green,text=black]{%
\coordinate [label=left:$#2$] (#2) at #5;
\coordinate [label=below right:$#4$] (#4) at #6;
\coordinate [label=above:$#3$] (#3) at #7;

\draw 
  (#2) -- 
  node[auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$} (#3) -- 
  node[auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$} (#4) -- 
  node[auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$} 
  (#2);

\coordinate (aux1) at
  ($ (#2) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(#3) $);
\coordinate (aux2) at
  ($ (aux1) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(#2) $);

\coordinate (aux3) at
  ($ (#2) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#4) $);
\coordinate (aux4) at
  ($ (aux3) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#2) $);

\coordinate (aux5) at
  ($ (#4) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#3) $);
\coordinate (aux6) at
  ($ (aux5) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#4) $);

\begin{scope}[#1]
\draw
  (#2) -- 
  (aux1) node[midway,auto,swap] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$} -- 
  (aux2) node[midway,auto,swap] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$} -- 
  (#3) node[midway,auto,swap] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$};
\draw
  (#2) -- 
  (aux3) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$} -- 
  (aux4) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$}  -- 
  (#4) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$};
\draw
  (#4) -- 
  (aux5) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$} -- 
  (aux6) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$} -- 
  (#3) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$};
\end{scope}
}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\PythTr{A}{B}{C}{(-1.5cm,-1.cm)}{(1.5cm,-1.0cm)}{(1.5cm,1.0cm)}
\end{tikzpicture}\par\bigskip

\begin{tikzpicture}
\PythTr[Maroon,dashed]{L}{M}{N}{(2,-2)}{(4,2)}{(0,2)}
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

在此輸入影像描述

如果構造必須僅限於矩形三角形，則以下是相應的版本：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[dvipsnames]{xcolor}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

\newcommand\PythTri[7][ultra thick,green,text=black]{%
\coordinate [label=left:$#2$] (#2) at #5;
\coordinate [label=below right:$#4$] (#4) at #6;
\coordinate (aux) at ($ #5 ! 1 ! 90:#6 $);
\coordinate [label=above:$#3$] (#3) at ($ #5 !#7!(aux) $);

\draw 
  (#2) -- 
  node[auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$} (#3) -- 
  node[auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$} (#4) -- 
  node[auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$} 
  (#2);

\coordinate (aux1) at
  ($ (#2) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(#3) $);
\coordinate (aux2) at
  ($ (aux1) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(#2) $);

\coordinate (aux3) at
  ($ (#2) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#4) $);
\coordinate (aux4) at
  ($ (aux3) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#2) $);

\coordinate (aux5) at
  ($ (#4) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#3) $);
\coordinate (aux6) at
  ($ (aux5) ! {sin(90)} ! -90:(#4) $);

\begin{scope}[#1]
\draw
  (#2) -- 
  (aux1) node[midway,auto,swap] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$} -- 
  (aux2) node[midway,auto,swap] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$} -- 
  (#3) node[midway,auto,swap] {$\MakeLowercase{#4}$};
\draw
  (#2) -- 
  (aux3) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$} -- 
  (aux4) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$}  -- 
  (#4) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#2}$};
\draw
  (#4) -- 
  (aux5) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$} -- 
  (aux6) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$} -- 
  (#3) node[midway,auto] {$\MakeLowercase{#3}$};
\end{scope}
}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\PythTri{A}{B}{C}{(0,4)}{(2,0)}{3cm}
\end{tikzpicture}\par\bigskip

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.75]
\PythTri[Maroon,dashed]{L}{M}{N}{(0,0)}{(4,0)}{3cm}
\end{tikzpicture}\par\bigskip

\end{document}

在此輸入影像描述

現在命令的語法如下

\PythTri[<options>]{<name1>}{<name2>}{<name3>}{<coord1>}{<coord2>}{<length>}

其中<coord1>和<coord2>是其中一個 cathetus 的座標，第六個強制參數現在用於另一個 cathetus 的長度。

初始版本：

使用該庫的一種選擇calc：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{calc}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.25]
  \coordinate [label=left:$C$] (A) at (-1.5cm,-1.cm);
  \coordinate [label=right:$A$] (C) at (1.5cm,-1.0cm);
  \coordinate [label=above:$B$] (B) at (1.5cm,1.0cm);

\draw 
  (A) -- 
  node[above] {$a$} (B) -- 
  node[right] {$c$} (C) -- 
  node[below] {$b$} 
  (A);
\draw 
  (1.25cm,-1.0cm) rectangle (1.5cm,-0.75cm);
\draw[ultra thick,green] 
  let \p1= ( $ (C)-(A) $ )
  in (A) -- 
  ++(-90:{veclen(\x1,\y1)}) --       
  ++(0:{veclen(\x1,\y1)}) --       
  ++(90:{veclen(\x1,\y1)});     
\draw[ultra thick,green] 
  let \p1= ( $ (B)-(C) $ )
  in (B) -- 
  ++(0:{veclen(\x1,\y1)}) --       
  ++(-90:{veclen(\x1,\y1)}) --       
  ++(180:{veclen(\x1,\y1)});     
\coordinate (aux1) at
  ($ (A) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(B) $);
\coordinate (aux2) at
  ($ (aux1) ! {sin(90)} ! 90:(A) $);
\draw[ultra thick,green]
  (A) -- (aux1) -- (aux2) -- (B);
\end{tikzpicture}
    
\end{document}

在此輸入影像描述

答案3

這是使用美麗的另一種選擇tkz-euclide包（程式碼是文件中範例的變體）：

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tkz-euclide}
\usetkzobj{all}

\begin{document}

\begin{tikzpicture}
\tkzInit
\tkzDefPoint(0,0){C}
\tkzDefPoint(4,0){A}
\tkzDefPoint(0,3){B}
\tkzDefSquare(B,A)\tkzGetPoints{E}{F}
\tkzDefSquare(A,C)\tkzGetPoints{G}{H}
\tkzDefSquare(C,B)\tkzGetPoints{I}{J}
\tkzFillPolygon[fill = red!50 ](A,C,G,H)
\tkzFillPolygon[fill = blue!50 ](C,B,I,J)
\tkzFillPolygon[fill = green!50](B,A,E,F)
\tkzFillPolygon[fill = orange,opacity=.5](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](A,B,C)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](A,C,G,H)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](C,B,I,J)
\tkzDrawPolygon[line width = 1pt](B,A,E,F)
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](A,C){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](C,G){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](G,H){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](H,A){$a$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](C,B){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](B,I){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](I,J){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](J,C){$b$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](B,A){$c$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](F,B){$c$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](E,F){$c$}
\tkzLabelSegment[auto](A,E){$c$}
\end{tikzpicture}

\end{document}

在此輸入影像描述

答案4

在 PSTricks 解決方案中，您所要做的就是選擇導管的長度（分別為\lengthA和的值\lengthB）：

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{pst-eucl,pstricks-add}
\usepackage{xfp}

\newcommand*\maxHori{\fpeval{\lengthA+2*\lengthB}}
\newcommand*\maxVert{\fpeval{2*\lengthA+\lengthB}}

% labels
\def\Label[#1]#2#3{%
  \pcline[linestyle = none, offset = -8pt](#2)(#3)
  \ncput{$#1$}}

% lengths of the catheti
\def\lengthA{3 }
\def\lengthB{2 }


\begin{document}

\begin{pspicture}(\maxHori,\maxVert)
\psset{dimen = middel, fillstyle = solid}
  \pnodes%
    (\fpeval{\lengthA+\lengthB},\fpeval{\lengthA+\lengthB}){A}%
    (\lengthB,\lengthA){B}%
    (\fpeval{\lengthA+\lengthB},\lengthA){C}%
    (\lengthB,0){a1}%
    (\fpeval{\lengthA+\lengthB},0){a2}%
    (\fpeval{\lengthA+2*\lengthB},\fpeval{\lengthA+\lengthB}){b1}%
    (\fpeval{\lengthA+2*\lengthB},\lengthA){b2}%
    (0,\fpeval{2*\lengthA}){c1}%
    (\lengthA,\fpeval{2*\lengthA+\lengthB}){c2}
  \psframe[fillcolor = red!70](a1)(C)
  \psframe[fillcolor = blue!70](C)(b1)
  \pspolygon[fillcolor = yellow!70](B)(c1)(c2)(A)
  \pspolygon[fillcolor = green!70](A)(C)(B)
  \pstRightAngle[RightAngleSize = 0.3, fillstyle = solid, fillcolor = green!70]{A}{C}{B}
  \uput[60](A){$A$}
  \uput[210](B){$B$}
  \uput[315](C){$C$}
  \Label[a]{a1}{B}
  \Label[a]{B}{C}
  \Label[a]{C}{a2}
  \Label[a]{a2}{a1}
  \Label[b]{C}{A}
  \Label[b]{A}{b1}
  \Label[b]{b1}{b2}
  \Label[b]{b2}{C}
  \Label[c]{B}{c1}
  \Label[c]{c1}{c2}
  \Label[c]{c2}{A}
  \Label[c]{A}{B}
\end{pspicture}

\end{document}

輸出2

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