調整該弧的座標

Question 1

下面的範例從下到上逐行掃描影像區域（部分）以查找X當前點與圓之間的距離差異最小的位置。可以透過目前點到圓心的距離減去半徑（並取絕對值的情況，當點在圓內）來計算到一點的距離。

可以使用 TikZ 進行計算，但 TeX 不提供實數的快速計算，因此在這種強力計算的情況下，使用不同的程式語言會更好地加快計算速度。

例如，Perl 腳本。參數在腳本的頂部區域進行修改。它輸出適合繪圖指令的點列表plot。

#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
use warnings;

my ($ax, $ay, $ar) = (2, 2, 1);
my ($bx, $by, $br) = (10, 2, 3);

my ($ymin, $ymax) = (-4, 8);
my ($xmin, $xmax) = ($ax, $bx);

my ($xstep, $ystep) = (.01, .01);

sub circledistance ($$$$$) {
    my ($radius, $mx, $my, $x, $y) = @_;
    my $xdiff = $mx - $x;
    my $ydiff = $my - $y;
    my $result = sqrt($xdiff * $xdiff + $ydiff * $ydiff) - $radius;
    $result = -$result if $result < 0;
    return $result;
}

sub round ($) {
    my $value = shift;
    return int($value + .5);
}

my $xcount = round(($xmax - $xmin)/$xstep);
my $ycount = round(($ymax - $ymin)/$ystep);

my @points;
for (my $yi = 0; $yi <= $ycount; $yi++) {
    my $diff = 1000000;
    my $point = '';
    my $y = $ymin + ($ymax - $ymin)*$yi/$ycount;
    for (my $xi = 0; $xi <= $xcount; $xi++) {
        my $x = $xmin + ($xmax - $xmin)*$xi/$xcount;
        my $a = circledistance($ar, $ax, $ay, $x, $y);
        my $b = circledistance($br, $bx, $by, $x, $y);
        my $d = $a - $b;
        $d = -$d if $d < 0;
        if ($d < $diff) {
            $diff = $d;
            $point = "($x,$y)";
        }
    }
    push @points, $point;
}

print "$_\n" foreach @points;

1;
__END__

然後是 TeX 碼：

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \def\AX{2}
  \def\AY{2}
  \def\AR{1}
  \def\BX{10}
  \def\BY{2}
  \def\BR{3}
  \draw (\AX,\AY) circle (\AR cm);
  \draw (\BX,\BY) circle (\BR cm);
  \draw[red] plot[smooth] coordinates{
(4.16,-4)
(4.16,-3.99)
(4.16,-3.98)
(4.16,-3.97)
(4.16,-3.96)
(4.17,-3.95)
% ... <remaining lines of the output of the Perl script>
  };
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{All points that are equidistant from both circles, lie on the
  hyperbola}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Answer

下面的範例從下到上逐行掃描影像區域（部分）以查找X當前點與圓之間的距離差異最小的位置。可以透過目前點到圓心的距離減去半徑（並取絕對值的情況，當點在圓內）來計算到一點的距離。

可以使用 TikZ 進行計算，但 TeX 不提供實數的快速計算，因此在這種強力計算的情況下，使用不同的程式語言會更好地加快計算速度。

例如，Perl 腳本。參數在腳本的頂部區域進行修改。它輸出適合繪圖指令的點列表plot。

#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
use warnings;

my ($ax, $ay, $ar) = (2, 2, 1);
my ($bx, $by, $br) = (10, 2, 3);

my ($ymin, $ymax) = (-4, 8);
my ($xmin, $xmax) = ($ax, $bx);

my ($xstep, $ystep) = (.01, .01);

sub circledistance ($$$$$) {
    my ($radius, $mx, $my, $x, $y) = @_;
    my $xdiff = $mx - $x;
    my $ydiff = $my - $y;
    my $result = sqrt($xdiff * $xdiff + $ydiff * $ydiff) - $radius;
    $result = -$result if $result < 0;
    return $result;
}

sub round ($) {
    my $value = shift;
    return int($value + .5);
}

my $xcount = round(($xmax - $xmin)/$xstep);
my $ycount = round(($ymax - $ymin)/$ystep);

my @points;
for (my $yi = 0; $yi <= $ycount; $yi++) {
    my $diff = 1000000;
    my $point = '';
    my $y = $ymin + ($ymax - $ymin)*$yi/$ycount;
    for (my $xi = 0; $xi <= $xcount; $xi++) {
        my $x = $xmin + ($xmax - $xmin)*$xi/$xcount;
        my $a = circledistance($ar, $ax, $ay, $x, $y);
        my $b = circledistance($br, $bx, $by, $x, $y);
        my $d = $a - $b;
        $d = -$d if $d < 0;
        if ($d < $diff) {
            $diff = $d;
            $point = "($x,$y)";
        }
    }
    push @points, $point;
}

print "$_\n" foreach @points;

1;
__END__

然後是 TeX 碼：

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
  \def\AX{2}
  \def\AY{2}
  \def\AR{1}
  \def\BX{10}
  \def\BY{2}
  \def\BR{3}
  \draw (\AX,\AY) circle (\AR cm);
  \draw (\BX,\BY) circle (\BR cm);
  \draw[red] plot[smooth] coordinates{
(4.16,-4)
(4.16,-3.99)
(4.16,-3.98)
(4.16,-3.97)
(4.16,-3.96)
(4.17,-3.95)
% ... <remaining lines of the output of the Perl script>
  };
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{All points that are equidistant from both circles, lie on the
  hyperbola}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Question 2

有點脆弱（即，大的數字會破壞它）並且沒有考慮圓之間的角度（因此它們是水平的），但大多數情況下它只涉及餘弦規則的重新排列。

\documentclass[tikz,border=5]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{math}
\begin{document} 
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzmath{%
  integer \i, \j;
  \r = 2;
  \R = 6;
  \c = \r + 4 + \R;
  {
     \draw (0, 0) circle [radius=\r];
     \draw (\c, 0) circle [radius=\R];
  };
  for \i in {1,...,50}{
    \C = 180 - 100 + \i*4;
    \Z = (\c^2 - \r^2 - \R^2 + 2 * \r*\R) / (2 * (1 - cos(\C)));
    \q = (-(\r+\R) + sqrt((\r+\R)^2 - 4 * (\r*\R - \Z))) / 2;
    \a = \q + \r;
    \b = \q + \R;
    \B = asin(\b * sin(\C) / \c);  
    { \coordinate (n-\i) at (\B:\a); };
    if (\i > 1) then {
      \j = \i - 1;
      { \draw (n-\j) -- (n-\i); };
    };
  };
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Answer

有點脆弱（即，大的數字會破壞它）並且沒有考慮圓之間的角度（因此它們是水平的），但大多數情況下它只涉及餘弦規則的重新排列。

\documentclass[tikz,border=5]{standalone}
\usetikzlibrary{math}
\begin{document} 
\begin{tikzpicture}
\tikzmath{%
  integer \i, \j;
  \r = 2;
  \R = 6;
  \c = \r + 4 + \R;
  {
     \draw (0, 0) circle [radius=\r];
     \draw (\c, 0) circle [radius=\R];
  };
  for \i in {1,...,50}{
    \C = 180 - 100 + \i*4;
    \Z = (\c^2 - \r^2 - \R^2 + 2 * \r*\R) / (2 * (1 - cos(\C)));
    \q = (-(\r+\R) + sqrt((\r+\R)^2 - 4 * (\r*\R - \Z))) / 2;
    \a = \q + \r;
    \b = \q + \R;
    \B = asin(\b * sin(\C) / \c);  
    { \coordinate (n-\i) at (\B:\a); };
    if (\i > 1) then {
      \j = \i - 1;
      { \draw (n-\j) -- (n-\i); };
    };
  };
}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Question 3

因此，如果您不關心完美的拋物線，這裡有一個簡單的解決方案。這一切都是為了為控制選擇合適的座標以及拋物線的端點。繪製一個輔助網格並在最終運行中將其刪除在此任務中可能很有用。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,tikz}
\begin{document}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[line width=.7pt, scale=.7]
    \draw (2,2)  circle (1cm);
    \draw (2,-3) .. controls (6,1) and (6,3) .. (2,7);
    \draw (10,2) circle (3cm);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{All points that are equidistant from both circles, lie on the hyperbola}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Answer

因此，如果您不關心完美的拋物線，這裡有一個簡單的解決方案。這一切都是為了為控制選擇合適的座標以及拋物線的端點。繪製一個輔助網格並在最終運行中將其刪除在此任務中可能很有用。

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{amsmath,tikz}
\begin{document}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[line width=.7pt, scale=.7]
    \draw (2,2)  circle (1cm);
    \draw (2,-3) .. controls (6,1) and (6,3) .. (2,7);
    \draw (10,2) circle (3cm);
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{All points that are equidistant from both circles, lie on the hyperbola}
\end{figure}

\end{document}

Question 4

計算雙曲線的解決方案。不太難，我想 OP 知道怎麼做。圓之間的半徑和距離與初始範例相同。這個數字是準確的並且可以定制，但是，買者自負dimension too large：稍加改動就很容易出錯。

下面（以及在 LaTeX 文件中）我將添加一些有關所涉及數學的解釋。

程式碼

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{mathtools} % for the maths part (no needed for the picture)
\usepackage{cancel}    % ditto
\usepackage{tikz}

\begin{document}
\begin{figure}[ht]\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=0.9]
% parameters
\def\ra{1} % radius, left circle 
\def\rb{3} % radius, right circle
\def\dc{8} % distance between centers
% maths (explained below)
\pgfmathsetmacro\xa{-0.5*(\dc+\ra-\rb)} % placing the circles at the 
\pgfmathsetmacro\xb{ 0.5*(\dc-\ra+\rb)} % same distance form the origin
\pgfmathsetmacro\p{(\xb-\xa)/(\ra-\rb)}
\pgfmathsetmacro\q{(\xa*\xa-\xb*\xb-(\ra-\rb)*(\ra-\rb))/(2*(\ra-\rb))}
\pgfmathsetmacro\k{\p*\q+\xb}
\tikzset{declare function={
   fx(\x)=2*\k*cos(\x)*cos(\x)/(1-\p*\p*cos(\x)*cos(\x));    % hyperbola, x=rho(theta)*cos(theta)
   fy(\x)=2*\k*sin(\x)*cos(\x)/(1-\p*\p*cos(\x)*cos(\x));    % hyperbola, y=rho(theta)*sin(theta)
   dd(\x)=sqrt((fx(\x)-\xa)*(fx(\x)-\xa)+fy(\x)*fy(\x))-\ra; % distance from the hyperbola to A (or B)
}}
% circles
\draw[thick] (\xa,0) coordinate (A) circle (\ra);
\draw[thick] (\xb,0) coordinate (B) circle (\rb);
% hyperbola
\def\d{7} % domain
\draw[red,very thick] plot[domain=90-\d:90+\d] ({fx(\x)},{fy(\x)});
% tangent circles (not in the original picture)
\clip (\xa-2*\ra,{1-fy(90-\d)}) rectangle (\xb+\rb,{-1-fy(90+\d)});
\foreach\i in {-\d,...,\d}
{
  \coordinate        (aux) at (({fx(90+\i))},{fy(90+\i))});
  \draw[gray]        (aux) circle ({dd(90+\i)}) \ifnum\i=\d node[black,above] {$P(x,y)$}\fi;
  \draw[gray,dashed] (A)  -- (aux) -- (B);
  \draw[fill=white]  (aux) circle (0.5mm);
}
\foreach\i in {A,B}
  \draw[fill=white] (\i) circle (0.5mm) node[below] {$\i$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{All points that are equidistant from both circles lie on the hyperbola.}
\end{figure}

% Ignore this if you don't need to know about the maths
\section{The maths}
The circle centers are $A(x_a,0)$, $B(x_b,0)$, and let $P(x,y)$ be a generic point at the hyperbola. Then,
\begin{align*}
d(P,A) & = d(P,B);\\
\sqrt{(x-x_a)^2+y^2}-r_a & =\sqrt{(x-x_b)^2+y^2}-r_b;\\
(x-x_a)^2+\cancel{y^2}   & =(x-x_b)^2+\cancel{y^2}+(r_a-r_b)^2+\\
& \phantom{{}={}}+2(r_a-r_b)\sqrt{(x-x_b)^2+y^2};\\
2(x_b-x_a)x+x_a^2-x_b^2+(r_a-r_b)^2 & =2(r_a-r_b)\sqrt{(x-x_b)^2+y^2};\\
\underbrace{\frac{x_b-x_a}{r_a-r_b}}_p x+\underbrace{\frac{x_a^2-x_b^2+(r_a-r_b)^2}{2(r_a-r_b)}}_q & = \sqrt{(x-x_b)^2+y^2};\\
(px+q)^2 & =(x-x_b)^2+y^2;\\
p^2x^2+2pqx+\cancel{q^2} & = x^2+y^2-2x_bx+\cancel{x_b^2};\\
\intertext{If we take the origin equidistant form both circles, we can cancel the constant terms. Now we change to polar coordinates, $x=\rho\cos\theta$, $y=\rho\sin\theta$.}
p^2\rho^2\cos^2\theta+2pq\rho\cos\theta & =\rho^2-2x_b\rho\cos\theta;\\
p^2\rho\cos^2\theta+2pq\cos\theta & =\rho-2x_b\cos\theta;\\
\rho & =\frac{2\overbrace{(pq+x_b)}^k\cos\theta}{1-p^2\cos^2\theta}=\frac{2k\cos\theta}{1-p^2\cos^2\theta}.
\end{align*}
\end{document}

輸出

還有數學

圓心為 A(x_a,0)、B(x_b,0)，設 P(x,y) 為雙曲線上的通用點。然後，

如果我們取兩個圓的原點等距，我們就可以取消常數項。現在我們改為極座標。

Answer