如何修正這個圖塊？

Question 1

替換left of=measurements為below=of controller.

三個小注意事項：

等鍵left of已right of被棄用。現在建議使用left=of ...而不是left of=...etc。\usetikzlibrary{positioning}這種變化不僅僅是字母的換位。新的定位比舊的定位更穩健和靈活。
您可以編寫block/.style = {...}（作為的選項tikzpicture或作為的參數\tikzset）而不是\tikzstyle{block} = [...]。據我了解，第一種方法（我在下面也使用過）更符合目前的 tikz 約定。第二種方法是一種相當單一的語法，在 tikz 的其他地方沒有使用。
正如 Zarko 在評論中指出的那樣，可以透過指定例如來在 x 和 y 方向上選擇不同的節點距離node distance=1cm and 2cm。

\documentclass[border=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,arrows}
\tikzset
  {block/.style =
    {draw, fill=blue!20, rectangle, minimum height=3em, minimum width=6em},
   sum/.style = {draw, fill=blue!20, circle, node distance=1cm},
   input/.style = {coordinate},
   output/.style = {coordinate},
   pinstyle/.style = {pin edge={to-,thin,black}}
  }

\begin{document}
% The block diagram code is probably more verbose than necessary
\begin{tikzpicture}[auto, node distance=1cm and 2cm,>=latex']
% We start by placing the blocks
\node [input, name=input] {};
\node [sum, right=of input] (sum) {};
\node [block, right=of sum] (controller) {Controller};
\node [block, right=of controller, pin={[pinstyle]above:Disturbances},
node distance=3cm] (system) {System};
% We draw an edge between the controller and system block to 
% calculate the coordinate u. We need it to place the measurement block. 
\draw [->] (controller) -- node[name=u] {$u$} (system);
\node [output, right=of system] (output) {};
\node [block, below=of system] (measurements) {Measurements};
\node [block, below=of controller] (sensor) {Sensor};
\draw [<-] (measurements) -- node[name=k] {$k$} (sensor);
% Once the nodes are placed, connecting them is easy. 
\draw [draw,->] (input) -- node {$r$} (sum);
\draw [->] (sum) -- node {$e$} (controller);
\draw [->] (system) -- node [name=y] {$y$}(output);
\draw [->] (y) |- (measurements);
\draw [->] (sensor) -| node[pos=0.99] {$-$} 
node [near end] {$y_m$} (sum);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Answer

替換left of=measurements為below=of controller.

三個小注意事項：

等鍵left of已right of被棄用。現在建議使用left=of ...而不是left of=...etc。\usetikzlibrary{positioning}這種變化不僅僅是字母的換位。新的定位比舊的定位更穩健和靈活。
您可以編寫block/.style = {...}（作為的選項tikzpicture或作為的參數\tikzset）而不是\tikzstyle{block} = [...]。據我了解，第一種方法（我在下面也使用過）更符合目前的 tikz 約定。第二種方法是一種相當單一的語法，在 tikz 的其他地方沒有使用。
正如 Zarko 在評論中指出的那樣，可以透過指定例如來在 x 和 y 方向上選擇不同的節點距離node distance=1cm and 2cm。

\documentclass[border=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning,arrows}
\tikzset
  {block/.style =
    {draw, fill=blue!20, rectangle, minimum height=3em, minimum width=6em},
   sum/.style = {draw, fill=blue!20, circle, node distance=1cm},
   input/.style = {coordinate},
   output/.style = {coordinate},
   pinstyle/.style = {pin edge={to-,thin,black}}
  }

\begin{document}
% The block diagram code is probably more verbose than necessary
\begin{tikzpicture}[auto, node distance=1cm and 2cm,>=latex']
% We start by placing the blocks
\node [input, name=input] {};
\node [sum, right=of input] (sum) {};
\node [block, right=of sum] (controller) {Controller};
\node [block, right=of controller, pin={[pinstyle]above:Disturbances},
node distance=3cm] (system) {System};
% We draw an edge between the controller and system block to 
% calculate the coordinate u. We need it to place the measurement block. 
\draw [->] (controller) -- node[name=u] {$u$} (system);
\node [output, right=of system] (output) {};
\node [block, below=of system] (measurements) {Measurements};
\node [block, below=of controller] (sensor) {Sensor};
\draw [<-] (measurements) -- node[name=k] {$k$} (sensor);
% Once the nodes are placed, connecting them is easy. 
\draw [draw,->] (input) -- node {$r$} (sum);
\draw [->] (sum) -- node {$e$} (controller);
\draw [->] (system) -- node [name=y] {$y$}(output);
\draw [->] (y) |- (measurements);
\draw [->] (sensor) -| node[pos=0.99] {$-$} 
node [near end] {$y_m$} (sum);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Question 2

作為補充格爾諾特（沒有那麼多）「詳細」答案，希望它更簡潔:)在其中我使用calc和quotes庫：

\documentclass[border=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows, calc, positioning, quotes}
\tikzset{
     block/.style = {rectangle, draw, fill=blue!20, minimum height=3em, minimum width=6em},
       sum/.style = {circle, draw, fill=blue!20},
 every pin/.style = {pin edge={<-,black}},
                > = latex'
        }

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[auto, 
    node distance = 6mm and 12mm]
% placing the blocks
\coordinate (in);
\node (sum)             [sum, right=of in] {};
\node (controller)      [block, right=of sum]           {Controller};
\node (system)          [block, pin=above:Disturbances, 
                         right=of controller]           {System};
\coordinate[right=of system] (out);
\node (measurement)     [block, below=of controller]    {Measurements};
\node (sensor)          [block, below=of system]        {Sensor};
% edges between blocks
\draw[->]   (in)            edge ["$r$"] (sum)
            (sum)           edge ["$e$"] (controller)
            (controller)    edge["$u$"]  (system)
            (system)        edge["$y$"]  (out)
            (sensor)        edge["$k$"] (measurement)
            (measurement)   -|  (sum)
                            node [pos=0.75] {$y_m$}
                            node [pos=0.95] {$-$};
\draw[->]   ($(system.east)!0.5!(out)$) |- (sensor);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

編輯：改變考慮CarLaTeX註釋，程式碼中的註釋現在更有意義。我仍然相信，我建議的區塊“sensor”和“measuremnt”的順序是正確的。然而，在這些區塊是線性的之前，順序並不重要:)

Answer

作為補充格爾諾特（沒有那麼多）「詳細」答案，希望它更簡潔:)在其中我使用calc和quotes庫：

\documentclass[border=2mm]{standalone}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{arrows, calc, positioning, quotes}
\tikzset{
     block/.style = {rectangle, draw, fill=blue!20, minimum height=3em, minimum width=6em},
       sum/.style = {circle, draw, fill=blue!20},
 every pin/.style = {pin edge={<-,black}},
                > = latex'
        }

\begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}[auto, 
    node distance = 6mm and 12mm]
% placing the blocks
\coordinate (in);
\node (sum)             [sum, right=of in] {};
\node (controller)      [block, right=of sum]           {Controller};
\node (system)          [block, pin=above:Disturbances, 
                         right=of controller]           {System};
\coordinate[right=of system] (out);
\node (measurement)     [block, below=of controller]    {Measurements};
\node (sensor)          [block, below=of system]        {Sensor};
% edges between blocks
\draw[->]   (in)            edge ["$r$"] (sum)
            (sum)           edge ["$e$"] (controller)
            (controller)    edge["$u$"]  (system)
            (system)        edge["$y$"]  (out)
            (sensor)        edge["$k$"] (measurement)
            (measurement)   -|  (sum)
                            node [pos=0.75] {$y_m$}
                            node [pos=0.95] {$-$};
\draw[->]   ($(system.east)!0.5!(out)$) |- (sensor);
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

編輯：改變考慮CarLaTeX註釋，程式碼中的註釋現在更有意義。我仍然相信，我建議的區塊“sensor”和“measuremnt”的順序是正確的。然而，在這些區塊是線性的之前，順序並不重要:)

Question 3

我想你也可以使用 TikZ matrix。

請注意，該arrows庫已被棄用。摘自 TikZ 和 PGF 手冊，第 7 段。 16.1：

備註：庫 arrows 和 arrows.spaced 已棄用。使用 arrows.meta 代替/另外，它允許您執行舊庫提供的所有操作，甚至更多。但是，舊的庫仍然可以工作，您甚至可以混合使用新舊箭頭提示（只是，舊箭頭提示不能按照本節其餘部分中描述的方式進行配置；對於乳膠箭頭來說，scale=2 沒有效果）例如，對於乳膠箭頭來說，它的大小如人們所期望的那樣增加了一倍。

此外，正如 gernot 已經說過的，\tikzset應該使用而不是\tikzstyle（參見這裡）。

\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{tikz}   
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,matrix,positioning}

\begin{document}

\tikzset{%
    block/.style={draw, fill=blue!20, rectangle, 
    minimum height=3em, text width=7em,align=center},
    sum/.style={draw, fill=blue!20, circle},
    pinstyle/.style={pin edge={latex-,thin,black}},
    mylabup/.style={midway,above},
    >=latex,
    }   
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \matrix[column sep=3em, row sep=4ex]{%
    \coordinate (input);
    &
    \node [sum] (sum) {};
    &
    \node [block] (controller) {Controller};
    &
    \node [block, pin={[pinstyle]above:Disturbances}] (system) {System};
    &
    \coordinate (output);
\\
    &
    &
    \node [block] (sensor) {Sensor};
    &
    \node [block] (measurements) {Measurements};
    \\
    };
    \draw [->] (controller) -- node[mylabup] {$u$} (system);
    \draw [->] (measurements) -- node[mylabup] {$k$} (sensor);
    \draw [->] (input) -- node[mylabup] {$r$} (sum);
    \draw [->] (sum) -- node[mylabup] {$e$} (controller);
    \draw [->] (system) -- node [name=y,mylabup] {$y$} (output);
    \draw [->] (y) |- (measurements);
    \draw [->] (sensor) -| 
node [near end, left] {$y_m$} (sum);

\node[below left = -2pt and -1pt of sum] {$-$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

Answer

我想你也可以使用 TikZ matrix。

請注意，該arrows庫已被棄用。摘自 TikZ 和 PGF 手冊，第 7 段。 16.1：

備註：庫 arrows 和 arrows.spaced 已棄用。使用 arrows.meta 代替/另外，它允許您執行舊庫提供的所有操作，甚至更多。但是，舊的庫仍然可以工作，您甚至可以混合使用新舊箭頭提示（只是，舊箭頭提示不能按照本節其餘部分中描述的方式進行配置；對於乳膠箭頭來說，scale=2 沒有效果）例如，對於乳膠箭頭來說，它的大小如人們所期望的那樣增加了一倍。

此外，正如 gernot 已經說過的，\tikzset應該使用而不是\tikzstyle（參見這裡）。

\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{tikz}   
\usetikzlibrary{arrows.meta,matrix,positioning}

\begin{document}

\tikzset{%
    block/.style={draw, fill=blue!20, rectangle, 
    minimum height=3em, text width=7em,align=center},
    sum/.style={draw, fill=blue!20, circle},
    pinstyle/.style={pin edge={latex-,thin,black}},
    mylabup/.style={midway,above},
    >=latex,
    }   
\begin{tikzpicture}
    \matrix[column sep=3em, row sep=4ex]{%
    \coordinate (input);
    &
    \node [sum] (sum) {};
    &
    \node [block] (controller) {Controller};
    &
    \node [block, pin={[pinstyle]above:Disturbances}] (system) {System};
    &
    \coordinate (output);
\\
    &
    &
    \node [block] (sensor) {Sensor};
    &
    \node [block] (measurements) {Measurements};
    \\
    };
    \draw [->] (controller) -- node[mylabup] {$u$} (system);
    \draw [->] (measurements) -- node[mylabup] {$k$} (sensor);
    \draw [->] (input) -- node[mylabup] {$r$} (sum);
    \draw [->] (sum) -- node[mylabup] {$e$} (controller);
    \draw [->] (system) -- node [name=y,mylabup] {$y$} (output);
    \draw [->] (y) |- (measurements);
    \draw [->] (sensor) -| 
node [near end, left] {$y_m$} (sum);

\node[below left = -2pt and -1pt of sum] {$-$};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document}

如何修正這個圖塊？

答案1

答案2

答案3

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