一旦工作的無線卡完全消失

一旦工作的無線卡完全消失

我已經在我的 2010 年中的 Macbook pro 上使用 Ubuntu 一年多了。我成功地為 Broadcom 無線設備安裝了專有驅動程序,並且從未遇到任何 wifi 問題。

升級到 18.04 後,wifi 運作得很好。然後,有一天,事情沒有發生。

iwconfig結果如下:

enp0s10   no wireless extensions.

lo        no wireless extensions.

如果配置:

enp0s10: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.1.13  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.1.255
        inet6 fe80::53da:4624:3774:bd2c  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:25:4b:c3:b2:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 27922  bytes 29137649 (29.1 MB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 21190  bytes 2564310 (2.5 MB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 2802  bytes 276338 (276.3 KB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 2802  bytes 276338 (276.3 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

須藤lsusb:

Bus 002 Device 003: ID 05ac:8403 Apple, Inc. Internal Memory Card Reader
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 003: ID 05ac:8213 Apple, Inc. Bluetooth Host Controller
Bus 004 Device 002: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp. BCM2046B1 USB 2.0 Hub (part of BCM2046 Bluetooth)
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05ac:8507 Apple, Inc. Built-in iSight
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 003: ID 05ac:0236 Apple, Inc. Internal Keyboard/Trackpad (ANSI)
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 05ac:8242 Apple, Inc. Built-in IR Receiver
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub

sudp lshw -C 網路:

*-network                 
       description: Ethernet interface
       product: MCP79 Ethernet
       vendor: NVIDIA Corporation
       physical id: a
       bus info: pci@0000:00:0a.0
       logical name: enp0s10
       version: b1
       serial: 00:25:4b:c3:b2:4a
       size: 100Mbit/s
       capacity: 1Gbit/s
       width: 32 bits
       clock: 66MHz
       capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list ethernet physical mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
       configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=forcedeth driverversion=0.64 duplex=full ip=192.168.1.13 latency=0 link=yes maxlatency=20 mingnt=1 multicast=yes port=MII speed=100Mbit/s
       resources: irq:26 memory:d3586000-d3586fff ioport:21e0(size=8) memory:d3589000-d35890ff memory:d3589300-d358930f

sudo rfkill 列表:

0: hci0: Bluetooth
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no

貓/etc/網路/介面:

# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

貓 /etc/netplan/*.yaml:

# Let NetworkManager manage all devices on this system
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: NetworkManager

須藤 lspci -nn:

00:00.0 Host bridge [0600]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Host Bridge [10de:0a82] (rev b1)
00:00.1 RAM memory [0500]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Memory Controller [10de:0a88] (rev b1)
00:03.0 ISA bridge [0601]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 LPC Bridge [10de:0aae] (rev b3)
00:03.1 RAM memory [0500]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Memory Controller [10de:0aa4] (rev b1)
00:03.2 SMBus [0c05]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 SMBus [10de:0aa2] (rev b1)
00:03.3 RAM memory [0500]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Memory Controller [10de:0a89] (rev b1)
00:03.4 RAM memory [0500]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Memory Controller [10de:0a98] (rev b1)
00:03.5 Co-processor [0b40]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Co-processor [10de:0aa3] (rev b1)
00:04.0 USB controller [0c03]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 OHCI USB 1.1 Controller [10de:0aa5] (rev b1)
00:04.1 USB controller [0c03]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 EHCI USB 2.0 Controller [10de:0aa6] (rev b1)
00:06.0 USB controller [0c03]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 OHCI USB 1.1 Controller [10de:0aa7] (rev b1)
00:06.1 USB controller [0c03]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 EHCI USB 2.0 Controller [10de:0aa9] (rev b1)
00:08.0 Audio device [0403]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 High Definition Audio [10de:0ac0] (rev b1)
00:09.0 PCI bridge [0604]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 PCI Bridge [10de:0aab] (rev b1)
00:0a.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Ethernet [10de:0ab0] (rev b1)
00:0b.0 SATA controller [0106]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 AHCI Controller [10de:0ab9] (rev b1)
00:0c.0 PCI bridge [0604]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 PCI Express Bridge [10de:0ac4] (rev b1)
00:10.0 PCI bridge [0604]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 PCI Express Bridge [10de:0aa0] (rev b1)
00:15.0 PCI bridge [0604]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 PCI Express Bridge [10de:0ac6] (rev b1)
00:16.0 PCI bridge [0604]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 PCI Express Bridge [10de:0ac7] (rev b1)
03:00.0 VGA compatible controller [0300]: NVIDIA Corporation C79 [GeForce 9400M] [10de:0863] (rev b1)
05:00.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394) [0c00]: LSI Corporation FW643 [TrueFire] PCIe 1394b Controller [11c1:5901] (rev 07)

貓無線資訊.txt:

########## wireless info START ##########

Report from: 20 Nov 2019 19:40 PST -0800

Booted last: 20 Nov 2019 00:00 PST -0800

Script from: 22 Oct 2018 03:34 UTC +0000

##### release ###########################

Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 18.04.3 LTS
Release:    18.04
Codename:   bionic

##### kernel ############################

Linux 5.0.0-36-generic #39~18.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Tue Nov 12 11:09:50 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Parameters: ro, quiet, splash, vt.handoff=1

##### desktop ###########################

GNOME on Xorg

##### lspci #############################

00:0a.0 Ethernet controller [0200]: NVIDIA Corporation MCP79 Ethernet [10de:0ab0] (rev b1)
    Subsystem: NVIDIA Corporation Apple iMac 9,1 [10de:cb79]
    Kernel driver in use: forcedeth

##### lsusb #############################

Bus 002 Device 003: ID 05ac:8403 Apple, Inc. Internal Memory Card Reader
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 004 Device 003: ID 05ac:8213 Apple, Inc. Bluetooth Host Controller
Bus 004 Device 002: ID 0a5c:4500 Broadcom Corp. BCM2046B1 USB 2.0 Hub (part of BCM2046 Bluetooth)
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 05ac:8507 Apple, Inc. Built-in iSight
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Bus 003 Device 003: ID 05ac:0236 Apple, Inc. Internal Keyboard/Trackpad (ANSI)
Bus 003 Device 002: ID 05ac:8242 Apple, Inc. Built-in IR Receiver
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub

##### PCMCIA card info ##################

##### rfkill ############################

0: hci0: Bluetooth
    Soft blocked: no
    Hard blocked: no

##### secure boot #######################

This system doesn't support Secure Boot

##### lsmod #############################

mxm_wmi                16384  1 nouveau
wmi                    28672  2 mxm_wmi,nouveau

##### interfaces ########################

[/etc/network/interfaces]
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

##### ifconfig ##########################

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback <MAC address> brd <MAC address>
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s10: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether <MAC 'enp0s10' [IF1]> brd <MAC address>
    inet 192.168.1.13/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute enp0s10
       valid_lft 82830sec preferred_lft 82830sec
    inet6 fe80::53da:4624:3774:bd2c/64 scope link noprefixroute 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: tun0: <POINTOPOINT,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UNKNOWN group default qlen 100
    link/none 
    inet 10.7.0.2/24 brd 10.7.0.255 scope global tun0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::77f3:43f5:d857:222a/64 scope link stable-privacy 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

##### iwconfig ##########################

enp0s10   no wireless extensions.

tun0      no wireless extensions.

lo        no wireless extensions.

##### route #############################

0.0.0.0/1 via 10.7.0.1 dev tun0 
default via 192.168.1.1 dev enp0s10 proto dhcp metric 100 
10.7.0.0/24 dev tun0 proto kernel scope link src 10.7.0.2 
104.140.14.58 via 192.168.1.1 dev enp0s10 
128.0.0.0/1 via 10.7.0.1 dev tun0 
169.254.0.0/16 dev enp0s10 scope link metric 1000 
192.168.1.0/24 dev enp0s10 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.13 metric 100 

##### resolv.conf #######################

[777 root '/etc/resolv.conf' -> '../run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf']

nameserver 127.0.0.53
options edns0

##### network managers ##################

Installed:

    NetworkManager

Running:

root       874     1  0 18:40 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon

##### NetworkManager info ###############

GENERAL.DEVICE:                         enp0s10
GENERAL.TYPE:                           ethernet
GENERAL.NM-TYPE:                        NMDeviceEthernet
GENERAL.VENDOR:                         NVIDIA Corporation
GENERAL.PRODUCT:                        MCP79 Ethernet (Apple iMac 9,1)
GENERAL.DRIVER:                         forcedeth
GENERAL.DRIVER-VERSION:                 0.64
GENERAL.FIRMWARE-VERSION:               --
GENERAL.HWADDR:                         <MAC 'enp0s10' [IF1]>
GENERAL.MTU:                            1500
GENERAL.STATE:                          100 (connected)
GENERAL.REASON:                         0 (No reason given)
GENERAL.UDI:                            /sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:0a.0/net/enp0s10
GENERAL.IP-IFACE:                       enp0s10
GENERAL.IS-SOFTWARE:                    no
GENERAL.NM-MANAGED:                     yes
GENERAL.AUTOCONNECT:                    yes
GENERAL.FIRMWARE-MISSING:               no
GENERAL.NM-PLUGIN-MISSING:              no
GENERAL.PHYS-PORT-ID:                   --
GENERAL.CONNECTION:                     Wired connection 1
GENERAL.CON-UUID:                       c10bab60-1b82-3605-ba19-c237b90d8f1a
GENERAL.CON-PATH:                       /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/1
GENERAL.METERED:                        no (guessed)
CAPABILITIES.CARRIER-DETECT:            yes
CAPABILITIES.SPEED:                     1000 Mb/s
CAPABILITIES.IS-SOFTWARE:               no
CAPABILITIES.SRIOV:                     no
WIRED-PROPERTIES.CARRIER:               on
IP4.ADDRESS[1]:                         192.168.1.13/24
IP4.GATEWAY:                            192.168.1.1
IP4.ROUTE[1]:                           dst = 0.0.0.0/0, nh = 192.168.1.1, mt = 100
IP4.ROUTE[2]:                           dst = 192.168.1.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt = 100
IP4.ROUTE[3]:                           dst = 169.254.0.0/16, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt = 1000
IP4.ROUTE[4]:                           dst = 104.140.14.58/32, nh = 192.168.1.1, mt = 0
IP4.DNS[1]:                             192.168.1.1
DHCP4.OPTION[1]:                        requested_host_name = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[2]:                        requested_domain_search = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[3]:                        requested_time_offset = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[4]:                        requested_domain_name = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[5]:                        requested_rfc3442_classless_static_routes = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[6]:                        requested_broadcast_address = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[7]:                        requested_wpad = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[8]:                        requested_netbios_scope = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[9]:                        next_server = 0.0.0.0
DHCP4.OPTION[10]:                       broadcast_address = 192.168.1.255
DHCP4.OPTION[11]:                       dhcp_message_type = 5
DHCP4.OPTION[12]:                       requested_interface_mtu = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[13]:                       dhcp_lease_time = 86400
DHCP4.OPTION[14]:                       ip_address = 192.168.1.13
DHCP4.OPTION[15]:                       requested_subnet_mask = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[16]:                       subnet_mask = 255.255.255.0
DHCP4.OPTION[17]:                       requested_domain_name_servers = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[18]:                       routers = 192.168.1.1
DHCP4.OPTION[19]:                       expiry = 1574390435
DHCP4.OPTION[20]:                       requested_ntp_servers = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[21]:                       requested_netbios_name_servers = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[22]:                       domain_name_servers = 192.168.1.1
DHCP4.OPTION[23]:                       requested_ms_classless_static_routes = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[24]:                       requested_routers = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[25]:                       requested_static_routes = 1
DHCP4.OPTION[26]:                       network_number = 192.168.1.0
DHCP4.OPTION[27]:                       dhcp_server_identifier = 192.168.1.1
IP6.ADDRESS[1]:                         fe80::53da:4624:3774:bd2c/64
IP6.GATEWAY:                            --
IP6.ROUTE[1]:                           dst = ff00::/8, nh = ::, mt = 256, table=255
IP6.ROUTE[2]:                           dst = fe80::/64, nh = ::, mt = 256
IP6.ROUTE[3]:                           dst = fe80::/64, nh = ::, mt = 100
CONNECTIONS.AVAILABLE-CONNECTION-PATHS: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Settings/{1}
CONNECTIONS.AVAILABLE-CONNECTIONS[1]:   c10bab60-1b82-3605-ba19-c237b90d8f1a | Wired connection 1

GENERAL.DEVICE:                         tun0
GENERAL.TYPE:                           tun
GENERAL.NM-TYPE:                        NMDeviceTun
GENERAL.VENDOR:                         --
GENERAL.PRODUCT:                        --
GENERAL.DRIVER:                         tun
GENERAL.DRIVER-VERSION:                 1.6
GENERAL.FIRMWARE-VERSION:               --
GENERAL.HWADDR:                         (unknown)
GENERAL.MTU:                            1500
GENERAL.STATE:                          100 (connected)
GENERAL.REASON:                         0 (No reason given)
GENERAL.UDI:                            /sys/devices/virtual/net/tun0
GENERAL.IP-IFACE:                       tun0
GENERAL.IS-SOFTWARE:                    yes
GENERAL.NM-MANAGED:                     yes
GENERAL.AUTOCONNECT:                    yes
GENERAL.FIRMWARE-MISSING:               no
GENERAL.NM-PLUGIN-MISSING:              no
GENERAL.PHYS-PORT-ID:                   --
GENERAL.CONNECTION:                     tun0
GENERAL.CON-UUID:                       40a8300e-9fdd-4475-84e9-54752a5f8caa
GENERAL.CON-PATH:                       /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/2
GENERAL.METERED:                        no (guessed)
CAPABILITIES.CARRIER-DETECT:            no
CAPABILITIES.SPEED:                     unknown
CAPABILITIES.IS-SOFTWARE:               yes
CAPABILITIES.SRIOV:                     no
IP4.ADDRESS[1]:                         10.7.0.2/24
IP4.GATEWAY:                            --
IP4.ROUTE[1]:                           dst = 10.7.0.0/24, nh = 0.0.0.0, mt = 0
IP4.ROUTE[2]:                           dst = 0.0.0.0/1, nh = 10.7.0.1, mt = 0
IP4.ROUTE[3]:                           dst = 128.0.0.0/1, nh = 10.7.0.1, mt = 0
IP6.ADDRESS[1]:                         fe80::77f3:43f5:d857:222a/64
IP6.GATEWAY:                            --
IP6.ROUTE[1]:                           dst = ff00::/8, nh = ::, mt = 256, table=255
IP6.ROUTE[2]:                           dst = fe80::/64, nh = ::, mt = 256
CONNECTIONS.AVAILABLE-CONNECTION-PATHS: /org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/Settings/{2}
CONNECTIONS.AVAILABLE-CONNECTIONS[1]:   40a8300e-9fdd-4475-84e9-54752a5f8caa | tun0

##### NetworkManager.state ##############

[main]
NetworkingEnabled=true
WirelessEnabled=true
WWANEnabled=true

##### NetworkManager config #############

[[/etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/default-wifi-powersave-on.conf]]
[connection]
wifi.powersave = 3

[[/etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf]]
[main]
plugins=ifupdown,keyfile
[ifupdown]
managed=false
[device]
wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=no

[[/usr/lib/NetworkManager/conf.d/10-dns-resolved.conf]]
[main]
dns=systemd-resolved

[[/usr/lib/NetworkManager/conf.d/10-globally-managed-devices.conf]]
[keyfile]
unmanaged-devices=*,except:type:wifi,except:type:wwan

[[/usr/lib/NetworkManager/conf.d/20-connectivity-ubuntu.conf]]
[connectivity]
uri=http://connectivity-check.ubuntu.com/

[[/usr/lib/NetworkManager/conf.d/no-mac-addr-change.conf]]
[device-mac-addr-change-wifi]
match-device=driver:rtl8723bs,driver:rtl8189es,driver:r8188eu,driver:8188eu,driver:eagle_sdio,driver:wl
wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=no
wifi.cloned-mac-address=preserve
ethernet.cloned-mac-address=preserve

##### NetworkManager profiles ###########

##### Netplan config ####################

[/etc/netplan/01-network-manager-all.yaml]
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: NetworkManager

##### iw reg get ########################

Region: America/Los_Angeles (based on set time zone)

global
country 00: DFS-UNSET
    (2402 - 2472 @ 40), (6, 20), (N/A)
    (2457 - 2482 @ 20), (6, 20), (N/A), AUTO-BW, PASSIVE-SCAN
    (2474 - 2494 @ 20), (6, 20), (N/A), NO-OFDM, PASSIVE-SCAN
    (5170 - 5250 @ 80), (6, 20), (N/A), AUTO-BW, PASSIVE-SCAN
    (5250 - 5330 @ 80), (6, 20), (0 ms), DFS, AUTO-BW, PASSIVE-SCAN
    (5490 - 5730 @ 160), (6, 20), (0 ms), DFS, PASSIVE-SCAN
    (5735 - 5835 @ 80), (6, 20), (N/A), PASSIVE-SCAN
    (57240 - 63720 @ 2160), (N/A, 0), (N/A)

##### iwlist channels ###################

enp0s10   no frequency information.

tun0      no frequency information.

lo        no frequency information.

##### iwlist scan #######################

Sorry, try again.
enp0s10   Interface doesn't support scanning.

tun0      Interface doesn't support scanning.

lo        Interface doesn't support scanning.

##### module infos ######################

##### module parameters #################

##### /etc/modules ######################

##### modprobe options ##################

[/etc/modprobe.d/amd64-microcode-blacklist.conf]
blacklist microcode

[/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-ath_pci.conf]
blacklist ath_pci

[/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf]
blacklist evbug
blacklist usbmouse
blacklist usbkbd
blacklist eepro100
blacklist de4x5
blacklist eth1394
blacklist snd_intel8x0m
blacklist snd_aw2
blacklist i2c_i801
blacklist prism54
blacklist bcm43xx
blacklist garmin_gps
blacklist asus_acpi
blacklist snd_pcsp
blacklist pcspkr
blacklist amd76x_edac

[/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-rare-network.conf]
alias net-pf-3 off
alias net-pf-6 off
alias net-pf-9 off
alias net-pf-11 off
alias net-pf-12 off
alias net-pf-19 off
alias net-pf-21 off
alias net-pf-36 off

[/etc/modprobe.d/intel-microcode-blacklist.conf]
blacklist microcode

[/etc/modprobe.d/iwlwifi.conf]
remove iwlwifi \
(/sbin/lsmod | grep -o -e ^iwlmvm -e ^iwldvm -e ^iwlwifi | xargs /sbin/rmmod) \
&& /sbin/modprobe -r mac80211

##### rc.local ##########################

grep: /etc/rc.local: No such file or directory

##### pm-utils ##########################

##### udev rules ########################

##### dmesg #############################

[   71.883033] forcedeth 0000:00:0a.0 enp0s10: MSI enabled
[   71.883843] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): enp0s10: link becomes ready
[  236.121550] nouveau 0000:03:00.0: Direct firmware load for nouveau/nvac_fuc084 failed with error -2
[  236.121563] nouveau 0000:03:00.0: Direct firmware load for nouveau/nvac_fuc084d failed with error -2
[  236.121565] nouveau 0000:03:00.0: msvld: unable to load firmware data

########## wireless info END ############

這是內建 Broadcom 無線卡。

經過一整天的故障排除後,我決定擦除電腦並安裝 16.04,因為我之前沒有遇到任何問題。令人驚訝的是,這並沒有解決問題。此後已升級回 18.04。

答案1

我喜歡測試如果一個之前一直正常工作的設備突然停止工作,是否會出現硬體故障。如果我的滑鼠或鍵盤不起作用,我通常會嘗試將其插入另一台電腦。如果我無法插入另一台電腦的硬體裝置(例如無線適配器)無法運作,我會嘗試使用 Ubuntu live USB 啟動到即時會話。我還拍攝了啟動訊息畫面的照片,並對其進行研究,看看是否可以找到有關可能存在的硬體問題的任何有趣資訊。如果 RAM 棒有硬體問題,則在電腦啟動時幾乎總是會在螢幕上列印該資訊。

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